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On the Map: Liberation Won't Be Gained On Behalf of 'Others'

Poster 4 Tomorrow is a project based out of France that was founded this year to encourage artists to advocate “on behalf of those who don’t enjoy the same freedom of expression that you do” by designing posters that pronounce an explicitly political sentiment regarding the universal right to free speech. Right away this struck me as problematic. In order to truly work from a praxis of liberation, one must struggle with not for those who are oppressed, as speaking for the oppressed simply reifies their dehumanization (and by extension one's own) and contributes to the oppressed persons' being prevented from having an autonomous public voice. Replacing one master with another (albeit one who seems well-intended) is not a solution.

Furthermore, the 100 posters that have been chosen (by a conspicuously male-heavy, largely Western jury) from the 1,834 entries have an interesting recurring sentiment in the designs that jumped out at me: women who wear hijab are not free to speak.

But a number of Muslim women’s rights advocates who wear the veil beg to differ, and they are speaking just fine for themselves. Indirectly attacking women who wear hijab--whether by choice or not--is counter-intuitive to the promotion of freedom of speech and expression, as it positions veiled women in a double bind of silence whereby they are declared as having been duped by their culture or faith (and are, therefore, unfit to speak) and denies them agency in shaping their own lives. This sentiment is one of arrogance and domination, not one of solidarity.

Perhaps Poster 4 Tomorrow should take a cue from Hamid Dabashi about what solidarity might look like. At the very least they should lay off the paternalism and false generosity that serves to shift themselves--not the people they "speak for"--in a position of authority.

Comments

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Nice analysis

Love the use of Freirian concepts applied to this situation, especially as exemplified by their treatment of muslim women -- I too have heard muslim women say that hijab is in fact liberating rather than oppressive and it's a strong argument.

However, here's a question that arises for me: if the posters help to facilitate a dialogue rather than just being a rigid endpoint of speaking for women, would that shift the way you interpret it?

I would wonder if they are partnered with any feminist groups that can actually take this message and help mobilize action around it. Can't really tell from their website, but I suppose if they were using the art as a means to facilitate dialogue it becomes *less* paternalistic...

Conversely, any words without action aren't "true words" in Freire's framework, so even if they were speaking "with the oppressed", there would have to be some action component... (which leads to the conversation about whether art in and of itself is a form of action...)

Anyway, thought-provoking post...thanks!

i ♥ Freire

Hey Q-

Thanks for your thoughtful response. The question here isn't whether there is a strong argument made by Muslim women for or against the veil. The question here is 'who is given the authority to speak in order to make those arguments?'

The problem with your assertion that this project may spark a dialogue is that a dialogue must include those whom are oppressed in positions of power in order to actually be a dialogue, and a dialogue (by nature) must happen in multiple directions simultaneously as an exchange of ideas. (A poster speaks in only one direction, the dreaded "banking system" Freire so heavily critiques.) It must also include action ("To affirm that men and women are persons and as persons should be free, and yet to do nothing tangible to make this affirmation a reality, is a farce."), as well as reflection. (Related: It certainly doesn't appear as though P4T are partnered with any indigenous resistance groups, and if they are, it would be even more problematic since that isn't made clear in any of their PR materials.)

I agree with you that there are degrees (i.e., less vs more paternalistic), but those degrees are still on a scale of oppression <--> liberation. Liberation does not cast the oppressed as being dependent on others in order to speak. That is just another manifestation of oppression. While I can appreciate the desired outcome of this campaign (perhaps my own collusion with/existence as the oppressor?), I also believe it is based on a sentiment that is (at its core) oppressive.

I agree with you, but...

...here I was trying to give them a generous read and you just reinforced my judgmental impulse. ;)

I too love Freire, but I think it's often misinterpreted and agree that this is not quite the path to liberation. Most of all -- and the piece that people seem to consistently overlook -- is that the dialogue has to advance some sort of "cultural action" which actually destroys the structural forces that maintain oppression. The only thing worse than the privileged speaking for the oppressed is the privileged speaking for the oppressed, patting themselves on the back, and then going back to their privileged existence without doing anything about oppression...

Have you seen examples of art used to facilitate dialogue about women's liberation well? I think it could serve as "cognizable objects" if used correctly, but rarely see instances where people see it through to action...

an agreeable agreement

That's a good question... and a challenging one. My first inclination was to say that I can't think of any, but upon further reflection thought that perhaps an example may be the Cyber-Quilting Experiment... or a Clothesline Project/Take Back the Night speak out (assuming it was organized in a non-hierarchical way)... or some other community- and action-based work of artistic creation (maybe even some version of Habitat for Humanity?). Although this article offers an interesting perspective, with really good questions to consider. And somewhere out there is an article titled "Art, Consciousness & Change" by Freire and Jolene Rickard, but I can't find one that isn't locked down by these 'pay to read this article' sites. Ironic, no?

If Freire were around...

...I can't imagine him liking restrictions imposed by publishers on his work...

Anyway, someone decided I was fit for a spot in the ivory tower a few years back and I have the article if you'd like to read it...just let me know where to send!

In the article, the piece that stands out is this on pg 2:

"Students reflect on experiences they have outside the classroom, and they reflect on their own artwork as well as artwork presented to them. They recognize that their art elicits reactions from other and they see the impact they can have on the group."

The key in the article is that the arts presents a situation in the world and forces us to reflect on and challenge the way knowledge about the world is constructed and our role in helping to construct cultural knowledge. It's an awakening process toward critical consciousness.

Again, I agree with your original critique, but this issue of "art as action" has always been a sticking point that I find difficult to resolve -- a good artist has the agency to elicit a reaction no matter what they do and many artists believe their job is done at that point. As an educator, my concern is always with guiding people down a path of continued reflection rather than a dogmatic endpoint.

If people see these posters and decide hijab is "bad", is that not eliciting a reaction to move one down a path? Or did the artist do their job by getting you to eliciting the reaction(s) that led you to write about it and me to respond?

Hmmmm... :)

tricksy

Most definitely. I'm not opposed to indirectly reaping the benefits of the ivory tower. Send to mandyvandeven_AT_gmail_DOT_com.

I don't believe simply having knowledge leads to action--nor does Freire, for that matter--and there has been scholarly work done that I think is enormously interesting about the disconnect b/t values/beliefs and action. So I'm not sure that pushing a particular viewpoint is, in itself, going to result in movement down one path or another. Even if it is, though, if the movement is oppressive rather than liberatory, then we're back where we began. So the viewpoint itself must necessarily be multiplicitous and dynamic if it is to be liberatory.

To answer your last question, authorial intent would need to be established (here come the worms! LOL!)... however, since the posters' intent is pre-determined and stated by the P4T mission--which indicates it was not the posters' intention to elicit my particular reaction--the answer is no, they didn't do their "intended" job. Now, that begs the question of whether "intention" actually matters, or whether authorial intent actually exists in this context since the individual posters' authors are not P4T, or if authorial intent matters in a work of art or literature since it becomes the property and work of the collective imagination from the moment it is disseminated. And then that raises the question of if the work is authorless or multi-authored or both... and to these kinds of questions, I'm not sure a clear answer exists.

I agree with what you've

I agree with what you've written. I once saw a performance art piece where a white woman wearing hijab started dancing around, eventually stripping down to her underwear. I think it was supposed to be an empowering statement, but it failed. Those of us who do not come from this culture, who do not wear hijab, need to listen to the women who do, rather than making blanket statements about what oppression is.

Also, how disturbing is it that in the Russian nesting doll pictured above, there's a busty blonde woman in a tube top living inside the Muslim woman?

Also, how disturbing is it

Also, how disturbing is it that in the Russian nesting doll pictured above, there's a busty blonde woman in a tube top living inside the Muslim woman? - VERY.

Coming from a Muslimah with a Westernised education & background, this is one of many concerns that Muslimahs have with discussions on 'freedom of expression' and indeed feminism. Quite simply, even within feminist forums, we are regulated, watched and objected to a pre-imagined set of liberatory values. The fact that the 'veil' continues to be a facet, and often subject of feminist discourse, only reinforces the lack of willingness for Western feminists to 'see through' the diverse perspectives of Muslimah communities.

Can I urge all interested feminists to read: http://nuseiba.wordpress.com/2009/10/07/visiting-the-hijab-again/.

Poster 4 Tomorrow

To get artists to create for a purpose is a big deal. They are not encouraged to be polemic. I really think part of the problem with the premise is the confusion of art speak and political speak. You don't get a Guernica every day. The Guerrilla Girls did a graffiti in the early 1990s about women in Saudi Arabia not being allowed to drive, which I found no fault with.

Personally, I only go so far with religious views of women and the multicultural defense of certain practices as "liberating." I have heard this defense offered for genital mutilation of females: If you don't have a clitoris, men don't have sexual power over you. On the other hand, the women's movement and the humanitarian movement are rife with examples of privileged people directing the social movements of the "victims." In defense of posters, women's studies departments should say thank you ever morning to whoever created the poster from the late 1960s of Susan B. Anthony with the quote "Our history has been stolen from us...."

Not the most radical organization, but I bet a lot of political prisoners are grateful that Amnesty International is speaking on their behalf.

I can hardly imagine what it

I can hardly imagine what it must be like to, as a female, establish yourself in a career in some Muslim-majority countries.
A friend of mine works in a grad admissions office, and whenever she sees an application from a female student from Saudi Arabia or Iran, she gets very happy knowing that these women are at the top of their classes and have won international scholarships to study in the US. I also secretly applaud these women and wish them so much success when they retun to their countries.